The ongoing struggle against scam calls is reaching a fever pitch, with telecom companies and regulators locked in a high-stakes confrontation. Telecoms argue that they're already implementing robust measures to stem the tide of these nuisance calls, pointing to caller ID verification, voice blocking features, and partnerships with law enforcement.

The emergence of 5G networks brings substantial enhancements in data rates and connectivity. Nonetheless, these advanced capabilities also present new vulnerabilities, particularly concerning the legacy Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) protocol. SS7 attacks can exploit weaknesses in this protocol to intercept sensitive user information, including call